How to Calculate Crypto Cost Basis for Canadian Taxes

Understanding Crypto Taxes Cost Basis

Navigating the world of crypto can feel like a high-speed roller coaster, full of exhilarating highs and stomach-dropping lows. When it comes to filing crypto taxes, however, you need a steady hand and a clear roadmap. That roadmap starts with understanding your crypto taxes cost basis.

Simply put, your cost basis is your original investment in an asset. Think of it as the starting line for measuring your profit or loss. For traditional assets like stocks, it is often straightforward: the price you paid plus any commissions. With crypto, it is a bit more intricate, but equally crucial for accurate tax reporting.

The Core Concept: What is Crypto Cost Basis?

Your crypto taxes cost basis represents the total amount you spent to acquire a specific amount of cryptocurrency. This includes not only the purchase price but also any fees or commissions you paid to acquire it. It is the fundamental figure used to calculate your capital gain or loss when you eventually sell, trade, or otherwise dispose of your digital assets.

For example, if you bought 1 Ether (ETH) for $2,000 and paid a $20 trading fee, your cost basis for that 1 ETH is $2,020. This seemingly simple calculation becomes much more complex when you consider multiple purchases, trades, staking rewards, or even mining.

Why Cost Basis is Your Crypto Tax North Star

Why should you care so much about your crypto taxes cost basis? Because without it, you cannot accurately determine your taxable income. When you sell crypto for more than its cost basis, you have a capital gain. Sell it for less, and you have a capital loss. Both of these need to be reported to the Canada Revenue Agency (CRA).

Ignoring or miscalculating your cost basis could lead to underreporting gains and potential penalties, or overreporting and paying more tax than necessary. It is your foundational metric for responsible crypto tax compliance.

Calculating Your Adjusted Cost Base (ACB) in Canada

In Canada, the term you will most frequently encounter is the Adjusted Cost Base (ACB). This is the Canadian equivalent of cost basis, but with a specific averaging rule. The CRA requires you to calculate an average ACB for all identical properties (e.g., all units of Bitcoin, all units of Ether) you own at any given time. This means every time you buy more of the same crypto, you recalculate the average cost for all units held.

Here is what generally goes into your ACB for crypto:

• Purchase price: The amount you paid in Canadian dollars for the cryptocurrency.
• Transaction fees: Any fees paid to acquire the crypto (e.g., exchange fees, broker commissions).
• Mining expenses (for mined crypto): If you mined crypto, the direct costs associated with earning it can factor into your ACB.
• Fair Market Value (FMV) of services or goods exchanged: If you received crypto in exchange for services or goods, its FMV at the time of acquisition becomes its ACB.

Conversely, here is what typically does NOT factor directly into your ACB:

• Interest expenses: Generally not added to ACB.
• Operating expenses: Unless directly tied to mining, most operating costs are not part of ACB.
• Capital losses: While deductible, they do not reduce the ACB of remaining assets.

Keeping meticulous records of every crypto transaction—purchases, sales, trades, gifts, mining rewards, staking income—is essential. Each event has an impact on your ACB. While it may seem daunting, especially with frequent trading, having a robust system for tracking these details will save you immense headaches come tax season. If you are feeling overwhelmed or unsure about your specific situation, it is always a smart move to consult with a qualified tax professional.

Crypto Cost Basis Calculation Methods

Understanding how to calculate your crypto cost basis is like having a clear roadmap for your digital assets. Without it, navigating the world of crypto taxes can feel like wandering through a dense forest without a compass! Fortunately, several methods can help you pinpoint your acquisition costs, each with its own quirks and benefits. Choosing the right one for your situation can significantly impact your tax liability.

So, which path should you take? Let’s break down the most common cost basis calculation methods, focusing on what’s generally accepted and most beneficial for Canadian taxpayers.

The Golden Standard: Specific Identification (Adjusted Cost Base – ACB)

Imagine you own a collection of rare, identical coins, but you bought each one at a different price. When you decide to sell one, wouldn’t you want to choose the one that gives you the best tax outcome? That’s the essence of the specific identification method.

For Canadian tax purposes, this method aligns perfectly with the Adjusted Cost Base (ACB) rules. When you sell a specific unit of cryptocurrency, you use the exact cost you paid for that particular unit. This method offers the highest level of precision and, crucially, the most flexibility for tax planning.

How it Works:

You identify the exact units of crypto you are selling and use their specific purchase price to calculate your capital gain or loss. This means keeping meticulous records – a must for any crypto investor.

Example:

Let’s say you bought 1 Ether (ETH) for $1,500 in January and another 1 ETH for $2,500 in June. If you sell 1 ETH in December for $2,000, with specific identification, you could choose to sell the ETH you bought in January. Your capital gain would be $2,000 – $1,500 = $500. Had you sold the ETH from June, you would have a capital loss of $2,000 – $2,500 = -$500.

Pros & Cons:

• Pros:
  • Tax Optimization: Allows you to “harvest” losses or minimize gains by choosing which specific units to sell.
  • Accuracy: Provides the most precise calculation of profit or loss.
  • CRA Preferred: Aligning with ACB rules, it’s generally well-regarded by the Canada Revenue Agency (CRA) when supported by robust records.
• Cons:
  • Record-Keeping Intensive: Requires incredibly detailed records for every single transaction – purchase date, cost, quantity, and subsequent sales.
  • Complexity: Can become complex with frequent trades, numerous assets, or if you transfer crypto between wallets and exchanges.

The Default Option: First-In, First-Out (FIFO)

If specific identification sounds like too much administrative work, or if you simply don’t have the granular records needed, the First-In, First-Out (FIFO) method is often the next best choice. Think of it like a grocery store stocking shelves: the oldest items are sold first. With FIFO, you assume that the very first cryptocurrency you acquired is the first one you sell.

This method is straightforward and widely accepted, especially when specific identification isn’t feasible. It can be particularly useful for long-term investors who don’t trade frequently.

How it Works:

When you sell cryptocurrency, you’re assumed to be selling the units you’ve held the longest, regardless of their individual purchase price compared to other units you hold.

Example:

Using our previous ETH example: you bought 1 ETH for $1,500 (January) and 1 ETH for $2,500 (June). If you sell 1 ETH in December for $2,000 using FIFO, you would automatically assume you sold the January ETH. Your capital gain would be $2,000 – $1,500 = $500.

Pros & Cons:

• Pros:
  • Simplicity: Easier to implement and track than specific identification, especially with many transactions.
  • Widely Accepted: A common and generally accepted method for tracking inventory and capital assets.
• Cons:
  • Less Tax Optimization: Can lead to higher capital gains in a rising market, as you’re likely selling units with a lower cost basis first.
  • Doesn’t Reflect Reality: May not accurately reflect your actual trading strategy if you intentionally sell specific, newer units.

Methods Generally Not Permitted for Capital Gains Tax in Canada

While specific identification and FIFO are the mainstays, you might encounter other methods like Last-In, First-Out (LIFO) or Weighted-Average Cost (WAC) in accounting contexts. However, it’s crucial to understand their limited applicability for capital gains tax in Canada.

• Last-In, First-Out (LIFO):

  This method assumes you sell the most recently acquired units first. While common in some inventory accounting, LIFO is generally not permitted for capital gains calculations by the CRA. The CRA’s position is that taxpayers cannot choose to dispose of specific items to maximize a loss or minimize a gain if they do not physically distinguish the items.

• Weighted-Average Cost (WAC):

  This method calculates an average cost for all your units of a particular cryptocurrency and applies that average to each unit sold. While a running average is used to determine the Adjusted Cost Base of *remaining* units in Canada, the WAC method for *disposition* isn’t the primary or preferred method for capital gains on crypto. The ACB system in Canada effectively uses a running average for *remaining* property, but when a disposition occurs, specific identification is often expected if possible, or FIFO if not.

Making Your Choice: A Quick Comparison

Here’s a simple breakdown to help you decide:

The Bottom Line: Record-Keeping is King!

Regardless of the method you choose, the most critical element for accurate crypto taxes cost basis calculations is impeccable record-keeping. Think of your transaction history as your financial diary – every entry matters!

• Transaction Date: When did you buy or sell?
• Asset Type: Which cryptocurrency was it (e.g., Bitcoin, Ethereum)?
• Quantity: How much did you buy or sell?
• Price per Unit: What was the value in Canadian dollars at the time of transaction?
• CAD Value: The total Canadian dollar cost or proceeds.
• Exchange Fees: Don’t forget any fees paid, as these often add to your cost basis.

Tracking this information manually can be a monumental task, especially if you’re an active trader. Thankfully, many crypto tax software solutions can automate this process by integrating with your exchanges and wallets. Still, a human touch and professional oversight are invaluable. For instance, knowing how to get accurate Koinly reports can simplify your record-keeping immensely.

Choosing and consistently applying the correct cost basis method is not just about compliance; it’s about smart financial planning. If you’re feeling overwhelmed or unsure about which method is best for your unique crypto portfolio, it’s always a wise decision to consult with a qualified tax professional. They can help you navigate these complex rules, ensure accuracy, and help optimize your tax position.

Step-by-Step Calculation Examples

Understanding the theory behind crypto taxes is one thing, but actually calculating crypto taxes? That’s where the real detail comes in. Let’s walk through some practical examples to illustrate how cost basis is calculated, particularly using the Adjusted Cost Basis (ACB) method, which is the standard for most Canadian crypto investors.

The ACB method essentially averages out the cost of all units of a particular cryptocurrency you own. Each time you acquire more of that same crypto, your ACB per unit gets recalculated. When you sell, swap, or otherwise dispose of some units, your capital gain or loss is determined by comparing the selling price to your average ACB per unit.

Example 1: Simple Bitcoin Purchases and Sale

Imagine you’re building your Bitcoin portfolio over a few months. Here’s how your ACB would evolve with a few purchase transactions:

Purchase Transactions:

Notice how your ACB per unit shifts with each new purchase? It’s not just the price you paid for that specific purchase; it’s an average of all your purchases for that particular crypto.

Sale Transaction:

Now, let’s say on April 5, you decide to sell 0.7 BTC for $65,000 per unit.

• Proceeds of Disposition: 0.7 BTC × $65,000 = $45,500
• Adjusted Cost Basis for Sold Units: 0.7 BTC × $52,647.06 (your ACB per unit at the time of sale) = $36,852.94
• Capital Gain: $45,500 – $36,852.94 = $8,647.06

This $8,647.06 is your capital gain, and a portion of it will be taxable income in Canada. After this sale, your remaining 1.0 BTC still has an ACB of $52,647.06 per unit, ready for future calculations.

Example 2: Factoring in Exchange Fees

Transaction fees can subtly impact your cost basis. Generally, if a fee is directly tied to the acquisition of crypto, it becomes part of your cost basis. If it’s a fee for a disposition, it reduces your proceeds.

Scenario: Buying Ethereum with Fees

Let’s say you buy 2.0 ETH, and the exchange charges a $50 fee.

• Purchase Price: $4,000 per ETH
• Total Crypto Cost: 2.0 ETH × $4,000 = $8,000
• Exchange Fee: $50
• Total Cost Basis for this Acquisition: $8,000 + $50 = $8,050
• ACB per Unit (for this purchase): $8,050 / 2.0 ETH = $4,025.00

This $4,025.00 per unit is what you’d use to calculate your new overall ACB if you already owned ETH, or it becomes your initial ACB if this is your first purchase. Ignoring these fees means understating your cost basis and potentially overpaying taxes!

When Things Get More Complex: Swaps, Airdrops, and Mining

These examples illustrate the core mechanics, but what happens when you swap one crypto for another, receive an airdrop, or earn crypto through mining or staking? These events can trigger dispositions or create new income that also affects your cost basis.

• Crypto-to-Crypto Swaps: Each swap is generally considered a disposition of one asset and an acquisition of another. You’ll need to calculate a capital gain or loss on the crypto you disposed of, and the fair market value of the crypto you received at the time of the swap becomes its new cost basis.
• Airdrops & Staking Rewards: These are typically considered income at their fair market value when received. This fair market value then becomes their cost basis for any future disposition.

Keeping meticulous records of every single transaction, including dates, values, and fees, is paramount. If your crypto journey involves frequent trading, DeFi, NFTs, or complex scenarios, calculating your cost basis manually can become incredibly time-consuming and prone to errors. This is precisely why many investors opt for specialised crypto tax software or consult with a qualified tax professional. We’re here to help you navigate these often-tricky waters!

Country-Specific Tax Guidelines

Navigating the world of crypto taxes can feel like charting unknown waters, especially when tax authorities in different countries have their own unique compasses. While the core concept of a cost basis remains consistent – figuring out what you paid for your crypto – the methods you’re allowed to use and the rules that apply can vary significantly from one jurisdiction to another.

It’s not just about what you buy and sell; it’s also about how your country’s tax agency classifies cryptocurrency and what “rules of engagement” they’ve set for reporting. Let’s explore how Canada and the United States, two key players in the cross-border financial landscape, approach the all-important crypto cost basis.

Canada: The Adjusted Cost Base (ACB) Approach

In Canada, the Canada Revenue Agency (CRA) generally views cryptocurrency as a commodity. This means when you sell, trade, or dispose of your crypto, you’re likely dealing with either calculating capital gains or capital losses. The cornerstone of calculating these is the Adjusted Cost Base (ACB).

Think of your ACB as a running average of all the costs you’ve incurred to acquire a specific type of crypto. Every time you buy more of the same crypto, you add that purchase cost to your total cost and divide by the new total number of units. This gives you a new average cost per unit.

Key points for Canadian crypto investors:

• Averaging is Key: Unlike some other countries, Canada generally requires you to use the ACB method. You can’t pick and choose specific units you bought earlier or later to manipulate your capital gains. All units of the same cryptocurrency are pooled together.
• "Identical Properties": The CRA treats all units of a particular cryptocurrency (e.g., all your Bitcoin) as "identical properties." This means they are indistinguishable for tax purposes, reinforcing the need for the average cost method.
• Superficial Loss Rule: Watch out for the superficial loss rule! If you sell crypto for a loss and then reacquire the same or identical crypto within 30 days before or after the sale, the loss might be denied. This is designed to prevent you from selling just to claim a loss, only to buy it back immediately. It’s a common trap for the unwary – don’t get caught!
• Business Income vs. Capital Gains: For individuals, it’s typically capital gains. However, if your crypto activities are more akin to a business (frequent, high volume trades, acting like a dealer), the profits might be considered business income, which is fully taxable rather than 50% for capital gains. Your cost basis calculation still matters, but the overall tax treatment changes.

Calculating your ACB correctly, especially with numerous transactions across different platforms, can be a monumental task. This is where many Canadians find themselves needing expert guidance.

United States: Property Rules and Method Choices

The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) in the United States considers virtual currency as property for tax purposes. This means it’s treated similarly to stocks or other capital assets. The good news for U.S. taxpayers is that you generally have more flexibility in choosing your cost basis method, which can be a strategic advantage.

Common Cost Basis Methods in the U.S.:

• First-In, First-Out (FIFO): This is the default method if you don’t specify otherwise. It assumes that the first cryptocurrency units you bought are the first ones you sell. For example, if you bought 1 BTC in January and another 1 BTC in June, and then sell 1 BTC in December, FIFO assumes you sold the one from January. This often results in higher capital gains in a rising market, as your earliest purchases likely have the lowest cost basis.
• Last-In, First-Out (LIFO): LIFO assumes you sell your most recently acquired units first. In a rising market, this could result in lower capital gains, as your more recent purchases likely have a higher cost basis. While technically permitted, LIFO is less commonly used for crypto due to its complexity and potential for audit scrutiny if not applied consistently.
• Specific Identification: This is often the most tax-efficient method. It allows you to choose exactly which units of cryptocurrency you are selling. For example, if you bought 1 ETH at $1,000, another at $1,500, and a third at $2,000, and then you sell 1 ETH, you can "specifically identify" which of those three you sold. This lets you strategically minimize gains or maximize losses, depending on your tax planning goals. To use this, you need meticulous records showing the purchase date, cost, and sale date for each specific unit.

U.S. Tax Considerations:

• No Wash Sale Rule (Currently): Unlike stocks, the infamous wash sale rule generally does not apply to cryptocurrency at the federal level in the U.S. This means you could sell crypto for a loss and immediately buy it back, potentially realizing a tax loss without losing your position. However, tax laws are dynamic, and this could change, so always stay informed.
• Form 8949 and Schedule D: All your crypto capital gains and losses are reported on Form 8949, Sales and Other Dispositions of Capital Assets, and then summarized on Schedule D (Form 1040), Capital Gains and Losses. For more details on how cryptocurrency taxes in the U.S. are calculated, check out our guide.

The Bottom Line: Don’t Go It Alone

Whether you’re dealing with Canada’s ACB or navigating the U.S.’s specific identification options, accurate record-keeping is your best friend. The complexities only multiply when you consider cross-border transactions or filing crypto taxes with DeFi and NFT examples. Tax laws surrounding digital assets are constantly evolving, making it essential to remain vigilant and adaptable.

Don’t let the intricacies of crypto tax rules overwhelm you or lead to costly errors. For personalized advice tailored to your specific situation and to ensure compliance with the latest regulations, we strongly recommend you consult with a qualified tax professional.

Best Practices & Tools for Tracking Cost Basis

Understanding crypto taxes can feel like navigating a complex maze. But when it comes to tracking your cost basis, think of it as laying down a clear, well-lit path. Accurate record-keeping isn’t just a suggestion; it’s your bedrock for confident tax reporting and potentially saving money.

Why is this so important? Without precise records, calculating your capital gains or losses becomes a guessing game. And when the Canada Revenue Agency (CRA) comes knocking, “I’m not sure” isn’t exactly a winning strategy. Let’s explore how you can keep your crypto financial life tidy.

Essential Habits for Flawless Record-Keeping

Just like a meticulous chef tracks every ingredient, you need to track every crypto interaction. What specific details should you be noting down?

• Transaction Dates & Times: Pinpoint the exact moment of each buy, sell, or trade. Timing can significantly impact the value used for cost basis calculations.
• Crypto Type & Quantity: Clearly identify the cryptocurrency (e.g., Bitcoin, Ethereum) and the exact amount involved.
• Fiat Value: Record the Canadian dollar value of the transaction at the time it occurred. This is crucial for establishing your cost basis.
• Transaction Fees: Don’t forget those pesky fees! They are part of your cost basis and can reduce your taxable gain or increase your capital loss.
• Source & Destination: Which exchange did you use? Which wallet did the crypto go to or come from? Keep track of these movements.
• Purpose of Transaction: Was it a purchase, a sale, a trade, staking rewards, mining income, or an airdrop? Each has different tax implications.

Consistency is your best friend. Choose an accounting method, like the Adjusted Cost Basis (ACB) for Canada, and apply it uniformly across all your transactions. Switching methods mid-year can lead to headaches and inconsistencies.

Choosing Your Crypto Cost Basis Tracking Tool

Trying to manually track hundreds, or even thousands, of crypto transactions across different exchanges can quickly turn into a nightmare. Thankfully, you have options beyond a pen and paper.

Comparing Manual Spreadsheets vs. Dedicated Software

Let’s look at the two primary approaches for managing your crypto records:

For most individuals dealing with anything more than a handful of transactions, dedicated crypto tax software is usually the more efficient and accurate choice. It automates much of the heavy lifting, saving you countless hours and reducing the risk of costly errors.

When to Call in the Experts

Even with the best tools, crypto taxes can be incredibly nuanced. Complex situations like margin trading, sophisticated DeFi protocols, or running a crypto-related business add layers of complexity that often benefit from professional insight. If you find yourself overwhelmed, or if your crypto portfolio is substantial, don’t hesitate to consult with a qualified tax professional. We can help ensure your records are pristine and your tax filing is fully compliant, giving you peace of mind.

FAQs

What exactly is “cost basis” for crypto in Canada?

In simple terms, your crypto’s cost basis is what you originally paid for it, plus any associated expenses to acquire it. Think of it like buying a physical asset, such as a piece of art or real estate. The cost basis includes the purchase price, transaction fees, and any other costs directly related to getting that asset into your possession.

For cryptocurrency, this might include the price you paid for the crypto itself, plus any trading fees or gas fees incurred during the acquisition. This number is absolutely crucial because it forms the baseline for calculating your capital gain or loss when you eventually sell, trade, or otherwise dispose of your digital assets.

Why is tracking my crypto cost basis so important for Canadian taxes?

The Canada Revenue Agency (CRA) treats cryptocurrency as a commodity, meaning that when you dispose of it (sell, trade, gift, or convert to fiat), you’ll likely trigger a capital gain or loss. To accurately report this on your tax return, you need to know your Adjusted Cost Base (ACB).

Without a precise ACB, you risk either overpaying taxes by reporting a higher gain than necessary, or worse, underpaying taxes and facing penalties, interest, or even audits from the CRA. Imagine trying to figure out how much profit you made on a stock sale without knowing what you originally paid for it – it’s the same principle!

Which cost basis methods does the CRA accept for cryptocurrency?

For most individual Canadian taxpayers dealing with crypto, the CRA primarily requires the use of the Adjusted Cost Base (ACB) method for capital gains purposes. This method calculates a running average of the cost of all units of a particular cryptocurrency you own.

Here’s a quick breakdown:

• Adjusted Cost Base (ACB): This is the default and generally required method. Each time you acquire more of the same crypto, you add the new cost (including fees) to your total cost, and then divide by your new total number of units. This gives you a new average cost per unit. When you dispose of some units, you use this average cost to determine your gain or loss.
• First-In, First-Out (FIFO) and Last-In, First-Out (LIFO): These methods are generally not accepted for capital gains calculations in Canada for identical properties like cryptocurrency. While they might be used for inventory accounting in some business contexts, for personal capital assets, the ACB rule prevails.

It can feel a bit like a complex math problem, especially with frequent trades. That’s why keeping meticulous records from day one is so important.

What if I’ve lost track of my crypto transactions and don’t know my cost basis?

This is a common predicament, especially for early adopters or those with many transactions across different platforms. While it can be challenging, it’s not impossible to reconstruct your transaction history. You’ll want to gather all available data, including:

• Transaction histories from exchanges (CEX and DEX).
• Wallet addresses and on-chain transaction records.
• Bank statements showing fiat deposits/withdrawals to exchanges.
• Records of any mining, staking, or airdrop activities.

If you’re finding it overwhelming, or if your records are incomplete, it’s highly recommended to consult with a qualified tax professional. They can help you piece together the information, estimate your cost basis using available data, and advise on the best approach for reporting to the CRA, potentially mitigating future issues.

Are there any tools to help me track my crypto cost basis?

Absolutely! Given the complexity of crypto transactions, many dedicated crypto tax software solutions have emerged to simplify the process. These tools can often integrate with your exchanges and wallets, import your transaction data, and automatically calculate your ACB according to Canadian tax rules.

While these tools can be incredibly helpful, they are only as accurate as the data you feed them. Always review the generated reports carefully, and remember that professional advice can clarify any lingering questions. Popular options include services like Koinly, CoinTracker, and Accointing, among others.

Conclusion & Next Steps

Navigating the intricacies of crypto taxes and accurately determining your cost basis can feel like solving a complex puzzle. But don’t let the technical terms intimidate you! Understanding these concepts is not just about compliance; it’s about optimizing your tax position and avoiding unwelcome surprises from the Canada Revenue Agency (CRA).

Think of your crypto transaction history as a detailed financial narrative. Every purchase, sale, swap, or even an airdrop contributes a chapter to this story. Getting the cost basis right ensures that narrative is both accurate and auditable, protecting you from potential overpayments or scrutiny.

Your Action Plan: Simplifying Crypto Tax Season

Where do you start after absorbing all this information? Here are some actionable steps to help you prepare:

• Consolidate Your Records: Gather every single transaction record from all your exchanges, wallets, and platforms. This might involve downloading CSV files or using API integrations if your platform supports them. The more complete your data, the smoother your calculations will be.
• Choose and Apply a Method: Decide on the appropriate cost basis method for your situation – often, for Canadians, this defaults to the Adjusted Cost Base (ACB) for identical properties. Apply your chosen method consistently across all your transactions.
• Leverage Technology: Consider using dedicated crypto tax software. These tools can often import your transaction data, apply the correct cost basis methods, and generate the necessary tax reports, saving you countless hours and reducing the risk of manual errors.
• Stay Informed: Tax laws, especially concerning digital assets, can evolve. Keep an eye on updates from the CRA and reputable tax news sources to ensure your approach remains compliant.

Feeling a bit overwhelmed? You’re not alone. The world of crypto taxation is complex, and accurate cost basis calculation is foundational to proper reporting. If your crypto activities are extensive, or if you’re unsure about applying the rules correctly, it’s always wise to consult with a qualified tax professional. They can provide personalized advice, help you navigate the complexities, and ensure your filings are perfectly compliant, letting you focus on your investments with peace of mind.

About the Author

Samer Tohme, CPA – Tohme Accounting is a Canadian firm (Ottawa & Toronto) specialising in cross-border Canadian-U.S. tax, corporate tax filing, bookkeeping, GST/HST, and crypto accounting for SMBs and individuals. We take on US and Canadian clients and take on all tax and accounting related work.